Síndrome mielodisplásico revisión bibliográfica actual y su tratamiento homeopático / Current literature review myelodysplastic syndrome and its homeopathic treatment

Los Síndromes Mielodisplásicos (MDS) constituyen un grupo de trastornos clonales caracterizados por citopenias progresivas, dishematopoyesis y su riesgo a progresar a leucemia mieloide aguda. La etiología de los MDS primarios es desconocida y los secundarios pueden deberse al uso de agentes antineoplásicos, productos químicos y radio o quimioterapia. Su fisiopatologia incluye la alteración de la hematopoyesis, que puede acompañarse de alteraciones citogenéticas, moleculares e inmunológicas. El diagnóstico es la afectación de al menos el 10% de las células en cada una de las series (dishematopoyesis). En el 80 % de las biopsias de médula ósea se observan signos de desorganización en la arquitectura hematopoyética habitual. En el diagnóstico diferencial están los procesos com alteraciones mielodisplásicas como las anemias por deficiência de vitamina B12, ácido fólico o piridoxina, las hepatopatias crónicas, la anemia de las enfermedades crónicas, el tratamiento con quimioterapia, la infección por VIH y la aplasia medular, entre otros. El tratamiento alopático es tóxico que em pocas ocasiones mejora la calidad de vida, sólo el trasplante de médula ósea. La terapéutica Homeopática, en cambio, estimula y modula la hematopoyesis, logrando así mejoría y em gran cantidad de los pacientes remisión de su estado.

Instituição de protocolo de tratamento padronizado pelo Grupo Cooperativo Brasileiro de Síndrome Mielodisplástica em Pediatria / The development and institution of a therapeutic program by the Brazilian Pediatric Myelodysplastic Syndrome Co-operative Group

O tratamento da Síndrome Mielodisplásica (SMD) na criança ainda é assunto de debate e controvérsias. O atrelamento histórico da doença na infância com a SMD do adulto levou a um retrocesso em diversas áreas do conhecimento desta patologia, sendo talvez as questões relativas ao tratamento as mais afetadas. Dado a origem clonal da doença, postula-se que ela seja virtualmente incurável com as terapias convencionais. Muito se tem estudado a respeito do transplante de células-tronco hematopoéticas, nas suas mais diversas fontes e possibilidades, com alguns resultados promissores. O Grupo Cooperativo Brasileiro de Síndrome Mielodisplásica em Pediatria (GCB-SMD-PED) foi criado em 1997, com o objetivo de estudar esta doença na população brasileira, em seus mais diversos aspectos, quer sejam clínicos, epidemiológicos, citológicos, patológicos, citogenéticos ou moleculares. Após cinco anos de atividades, o Grupo Cooperativo iniciou discussões afim de propor protocolo terapêutico para suas crianças. Para tanto, como passo inicial, fez-se ampla revisão de literatura sobre o assunto, a qual é aqui discutida. Ainda com este fim, o grupo analisou a sobrevida dos pacientes matriculados no GCB-SMD-PED, os diagnósticos realizados na instituição de origem e as mais diversas abordagens terapêuticas seguidas, as quais variaram desde tratamento conservador, medidas de suporte, transfusões sangüíneas à transplante de medula óssea. Os autores descrevem as mais diferentes abordagens utilizadas para o tratamento da SMD em crianças, bem como o racional do emprego de cada modalidade terapêutica e os estudos pertinentes na área.

The management of Myelodysplastic Syndrome (MDS) in childhood is still a matter of debate and controversy. The historic relationship of this illness in children with MDS in adulthood delayed development in different areas, where perhaps knowledge related to treatment was the most affected. Due to the clonal origin of this illness, it is thought that it is virtually incurable with conventional therapies. There have been plenty of studies related to hematopoetic stem-cell transplantation with some promising results.The Brazilian Pediatric Myelodysplastic Cooperative Group (GCB-SMD-PED) was created in 1997, with the aim of studying this disease in the Brazilian population and its different aspects, whether clinical, epidemiological, cytological, pathological, cytogenetical or molecular. After five years of activities, the Co-operative Group has initiated discussions to propose therapeutic protocols for children. For this, as an initial step, a review of publications was performed about this subject, which is discussed in this article. The group also analysed the overall survival of patients referred to the Bra-PMD-CG and the different diagnostic and treatment schedules employed in each institution, varying from simply conservative treatment, palliative measures, blood transfusions to bone marrow transplantation.The authors describe the different ways used for MDS treatment in childhood, as well as the rationale employed of each therapeutic modality and the studies related to this area.

Reversible posterior leucoencephalopathy syndrome associated with bone marrow transplantation

Reversible posterior leucoencephalopathy syndrome (RPLS) has previously been described in patients who have renal insufficiency, eclampsia, hypertensive encephalopathy and patients receiving immunosuppressive therapy. The mechanism by which immunosuppressive agents can cause this syndrome is not clear, but it is probably related with cytotoxic effects of these agents on the vascular endothelium. We report eight patients who received cyclosporine A (CSA) after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation or as treatment for severe aplastic anemia (SSA) who developed posterior leucoencephalopathy. The most common signs and symptoms were seizures and headache. Neurological dysfunction occurred preceded by or concomitant with high blood pressure and some degree of acute renal failure in six patients. Computerized tomography studies showed low-density white matter lesions involving the posterior areas of cerebral hemispheres. Symptoms and neuroimaging abnormalities were reversible and improvement occurred in all patients when given lower doses of CSA or when the drug was withdrawn. RPLS may be considered an expression of CSA neurotoxicity